Tangible Non-Current Assets

Q1. Use the information given below. What will be the total capitalized cost with respect to new business (Answer in $000)? (FIB)Land $6,000,000Inspection Officer $200,000Architecture Design $100,000Labour Wages $1,200,000Material Cost $2,500,000Administration Cost $400,000Property Tax $300,000Site Overheads $150,00037147528384500$ (2 marks) Q2. Siva Co took some loans from the bank at the start of the year 2010 which are as follows: 6% loan repayable in 2011 of $8m & a 9% loan repayable in 2015 of $18m. A construction of a qualifying asset began on 5th April 2010 with the withdrawal of $3m of funds. On 12th August 2010, another $4m was withdrawn for the qualifying asset. What will be the capitalized borrowing cost at the end of the year 2010? (MCQ) $181,800$216,467$316,467$533,851(2 marks) Q3. Relay Co borrowed $60,000 to finance the construction of a shop. Construction will commence in two years' time. The loan was taken on 1st January 2001 but the construction began on 1st March 2001. $13,000 of the loan was unused until 1st July 2001 and instead of keeping it idle Relay Co invested the amount with 3% return. The interest payable for the company is at 10% per annum. Calculate the cost to be capitalized for the year ended on December 2001? (MCQ)$4,800$4,870$5,130$6,000(2 marks) Q4. To operate a local locomotive the government has applied a restriction that in every two years the wheels of the locomotive has to be replaced. This replacement will cost $1.9 million. How should the replacement cost be treated? (MCQ)The cost should be taken into profit ; loss account when it is incurred The cost should be accrued over the two years ; accounted for the maintenance costThe cost should be provided in advance ; accounted for under the maintenance costCapitalize the cost ; depreciate it over the two years until next time(2 marks) Q5. Trivial Co has purchased an asset worth $375,000 on 1st January 2000 ; its useful life is stated at 20 years. A revaluation was taken place on 31st March 2002 where the assets worth increased to $390,000. What will be the total depreciation charged on the asset for the year ended 31st December 2002? (MCQ)$4,687$16,479$21,167$23,872(2 marks) Q6. Accenture Co has rented its office building to 3rd party on 30th June 2020. The company uses the fair valuation model for investment property. Buildings original cost valued at $500,000 on 1st January 2012 ; total life were 25 years. A fair value was obtained on the rented day which valued the building at $400,600. At the year-end of 2020, the fair value of the building was $850,000. What will be the revaluation gain/loss on 31st December 2020? (MCQ)$50,000 (Loss)$70,600 (Gain)$170,00 (Gain)$203,100 (Loss)(2 marks) Q7. Hexcentric inaugurated a plant on 1st July 2016. The plant was expected to run for four years until 30th June 2020. After the expected life the plant would be decommissioned and the land will be restored close to its original state. The cost of decommissioning was expected to be $6 million in four years. This estimate was calculated on 1st July 2016. To calculate the present value the company will use an 8% discount rate where the discount factor for year four is 0.735. Calculate the total charge for the cost to be taken into year-end 30th June 2017 profit ; loss account? (MCQ)$352,800$1,102,500$1,455,300$2,088,000(2 marks) Q8. The following statements relate to revaluation. (HA) The entire class of PPE has to be revalued whenever a single equipment in the respective class undergoes revaluation TRUE FALSEIf a revaluation model is used revaluation must be made regularly to ensure carrying amount has a material difference from the fair value TRUE FALSE(2 marks) Q9. Pang Co has purchased a property worth $7 million on 1st January 2013. The land valued at $3 million. The building total life was 20 years with no residual value. On 31st December 2015, the property was revalued to $9 million where the building valued at $5.184 million. The property was fully sold on 30th December 2017 for $6.5 million. Calculate the gain/loss on disposal which will be accounted for profit ; loss? (MCQ) $1,924,000 (Loss)$3,816,000 (Loss)$4,608,000 (Gain)$2,824,000 (Gain)(2 marks) Q10. Which of the following statements are correct in relation to government grants? (MRQ)A government grant is recognized in the profit ; loss over an assets useful lifeA repayment of a government grant received in previous years is a prior period adjustmentA marketing advice from the government does not constitute under the definition of government grantThe grant received for an asset must be excluded from the carrying amount of the asset (2 marks) Q11. A company has inaugurated a new plant with the help of a government grant of $20,000. The life of the plant is five years. Other than granting the installed equipment in the plant cost $90,000. All equipment is depreciated at 20% per annum on a straight-line basis. Calculate the value of government grant taken into Year 1 current liability using deferred income method? (MCQ)$4,000$16,000$18,000$20,000(2 marks) Q12. A company issued loan notes for $200,000 on 1st January 2008. On the same day, the company used the money to buy an investment property. At the year-end, the fair value of the property had risen to $400,000 with a remaining life of ten years. The company uses the fair value model for all properties. Which of the values will be accounted in the year's profit ; loss account? (MCQ)Gain $200,000, Depreciation $40,000Gain $0, Depreciation $40,000Gain $200,000, Depreciation $0Gain $200,000, Depreciation $20,000(2 marks) Q13. Zima Co took some loans from the bank at the start of the year 2015 which are as follows: 9% loan repayable in 2016 of $11m ; a 13% loan repayable in 2020 of $29m. A construction of a qualifying asset began on 5th April 2015 with the withdrawal of $8m of funds. On 12th August 2015, another $9m was withdrawn for the qualifying asset. What will be the capitalized borrowing cost at the end of the year 2015? (MCQ) $267,750$446,250$714,000$1,160,250(2 marks) Q14. Olay Co borrowed $25,000 to finance the construction of a plant. Construction will commence in two years' time. The loan was taken on 1st January 2013 but the construction began on 1st March 2013. $6,000 of the loan was unused until 1st July 2013 and instead of keeping it idle Olay Co invested the amount with 7% return. The interest payable for the company is at 15% per annum. Calculate the cost to be capitalized for the year ended on December 2013? (FIB)3613151270000$ (2 marks) Q15. Plato Co has purchased an asset worth $258,990 on 1st January 2008 ; its useful life is stated at twenty years. A revaluation was taken place on 31st March 2010 where the assets worth increased to $310,000. What will be the total depreciation charged on the asset for the year ended 31st December 2010 nearest to $000? (FIB)3613151270000$ (2 marks) Q16. Ventura Co has rented one its properties to a 3rd party on 30th June 2010. The company uses the fair valuation model as an investment property. Property's original cost valued at $800,800 on 1st January 2002 ; total life was 50 years. A fair value was obtained on the rented day which valued the building at $750,500. At the year-end of 2010, the fair value of the building was $1,150,000. What will be the revaluation gain at 31st December 2010? (FIB)3613151270000$ (2 marks) Q17. Boric Co opened a machine on 1st July 2006. The plant was expected to run for four years until 30th June 2010. After the expected life the machine would be decommissioned and the area will be restored nearest to its original state. The cost of decommissioning was expected to be $3.3 million in four years. This estimate was calculated on 1st July 2006. To calculate the present value the company will use a 12% discount rate. Calculate the total charge for the cost to be taken into year-end 30th June 2007 profit ; loss account? (MCQ)$251,856$272,844$524,700$776,556(2 marks) Q18. Bing Co has purchased a land ; building worth $12 million on 1st January 2005. The land valued at $4 million. The buildings total life was ten years with no residual value. On 31st December 2007, the land ; building were revalued to $16 million where the land valued at $6.75 million. The land ; building was fully sold by 30th December 2009 for $10.5 million. Calculate the gain/loss on disposal? (MCQ) $4,472,000 (Loss)$1,600,000 (Loss)$1,028,000 (Gain)$5,600,000 (Gain)(2 marks) Q19. Jazzy Co has opened a new factory with the help of a government grant of $580,600. The life of the plant is fifteen years. Other than granting the installed equipment in the plant cost $20,400. All equipment is depreciated at 25% per annum on reducing balance basis. Calculate the value of government grant taken into Year 1 current liability using deferred income method? (MCQ)$15,300$20,400$145,150$150,250(2 marks)TANGIBLE NON-CURRENT ASSETS (ANSWERS)Q1. $10,150 Capitalized Cost = 6,000 + 200 + 100 + 1,200 + 2,500 + 150 = $10,150 Q2. CInterest = (8 Ãâ€" 6%) = 0.48 + (18 Ãâ€" 9%) = 1.62 = 2.1(2.1 à · 26) Ãâ€" 100 = 8.08%3,000,000 Ãâ€" 8.08% Ãâ€" 9/12 = 181,8004,000,000 Ãâ€" 8.08% Ãâ€" 5/12 = 134,667Total = 181,800 + 134,667 = $316,467 Q3. B60,000 Ãâ€" 10% Ãâ€" 10/12 = 5,00013,000 Ãâ€" 3% Ãâ€" 4/12 = (130)Total = 5,000 – 130 = $4,870 Q4. DThis is known as overhauling where maintenance, inspection or any repair is required. It is capitalized in the asset ; depreciated over its useful life in this case the life of wheels. Q5. CDepreciation till 31st March = (375,000 à · 20) = 18,750 Ãâ€" 3/12 = $4,687Years = 20 – 2.25 = 17.75 remainingDepreciation till 31st December = (390,000 à · 17.75) = 21,972 Ãâ€" 9/12 = $16,479Total = 4,687 + 16,479 = $21,167 Q6. BDepreciation = (500,000 à · 25) Ãâ€" 8.5 = 170,000Cost – Depreciation = 500,000 – 170,000 = 330,000Revaluation Gain = 400,600 – 330,000 = 70,600 Q7. CDepreciation = 6,000,000 Ãâ€" 0.735 = 4,410,000 à · 4 = 1,102,500 Finance Cost = 4,410,000 Ãâ€" 8% = 352,800Total = 1,102,500 + 352,800 = $1,455,300 Q8.The entire class of PPE has to be revalued whenever a single equipment in the respective class undergoes revaluation TRUE If a revaluation model is used revaluation must be made regularly to ensure carrying amount has a material difference from the fair value FALSEThe difference between carrying amount ; the fair value should be immaterial when applying revaluation model. Q9. AWorkings are done in $000.Depreciation (Building) = (4,000 à · 20) Ãâ€" 2 = 400Cost = 7,000 – 400 = 6,600 Revalued to 9,000 with gain of 2,400Depreciation (Building) = (5,184 à · 18) Ãâ€" 2 = 576Building value = 5,184 – 576 = 4,608Property value = (4,608 Building) + (3,816 Land) = 8,424Loss on disposal = 8,424 – 6,500 = 1,924 Q10.A government grant is recognized in the profit ; loss over an assets useful life (Correct)A repayment of a government grant received in previous years is a prior period adjustment; all adjustments are to be dealt prospectively A marketing advice from the government does not constitute under the definition of government grant (Correct)The grant received for an asset must be excluded from the carrying amount of the asset; a deferred income method can be used also Q11. AThe deferred income method:Year 0Equipment Dr. (90+20) $110,000Bank Cr $90,000Government Grant Cr $20,000Year 1Depreciation for equipment = 110,000 Ãâ€" 20% = $22,000Government Grant = 20,000 Ãâ€" 20% = $4,000 (Current Liability) Q12. CThe gain of $200,000 will be recorded as in fair value model no depreciation is charged. Q13.Interest = (11 Ãâ€" 9%) = 0.99 + (29 Ãâ€" 13%) = 3.77 = 4.76(4.76 à · 40) Ãâ€" 100 = 11.9%8,000,000 Ãâ€" 11.9% Ãâ€" 9/12 = 714,0009,000,000 Ãâ€" 11.9% Ãâ€" 5/12 = 446,250Total = 714,000 + 446,250 = $1,160,250Q14. $2,98525,000 Ãâ€" 15% Ãâ€" 10/12 = 3,1256,000 Ãâ€" 7% Ãâ€" 4/12 = (140)Total = 3,125 – 140 = $2,985 Q15. $16,300Depreciation till 31st March = (258,990 à · 20) = 12,950 Ãâ€" 3/12 = $3,238Years = 20 – 2.25 = 17.75 remainingDepreciation till 31st December = (310,000 à · 17.75) = 17,465 Ãâ€" 9/12 = $13,099Total = 3,238 + 13,099 = $16,337Nearest to $000 = $16,300 Q16. $85,836Depreciation = (800,800 à · 50) Ãâ€" 8.5 = 136,136Cost – Depreciation = 800,800 – 136,136 = 664,664Revaluation Gain = 750,500 – 664,664 = $85,836 Q17. DDepreciation = 3,300,000 Ãâ€" 0.636 = 2,098,800 à · 4 = 524,700 Finance Cost = 2,098,800 Ãâ€" 12% = 251,856Total = 524,700 + 251,856 = $776,556 Q18. AWorkings are done in $000.Depreciation (Building) = (8,000 à · 10) Ãâ€" 2 = 1,600Cost = 12,000 – 1,600 = 10,400 Revalued to 16,000 with gain of 5,600Depreciation (Building) = (9,250 à · 18) Ãâ€" 2 = 1,028Building value = 9,250 – 1,028 = 8,222Land ; Building value = (8,222 Building) + (6,750 Land) = 14,972Loss on disposal = 14,972 – 10,500 = 4,472 Q19. CThe deferred income method:Year 0Equipment Dr. (580,600 + 20,400) $601,000Bank Cr $20,400Government Grant Cr $580,600Year 1Depreciation for equipment = 601,000 Ãâ€" 25% = $150,250Government Grant = 580,600 Ãâ€" 25% = $145,150 (Current Liability)

Economics Internal Assessment Essay

The article discusses the effects of a severe flood in the areas of Thailand to the rice production. The rice production falls to 22 from 23 million metric tons. Supply is quantity of goods and services that producers are willing and able to produce at a given price and time period. The decrease in supply of rice in Thailand is shown by the following graph: The graph above shows that the effect of flood in Thailand decreased the rice crop’s supply. The supply curve shifted to the left from S1 to S2, moving the equilibrium point from point E1 to point E2. The equilibrium price then rises from P1 to P2 and the equilibirum quantity moves to the left by 1 million metric ton. The increase in the price of rice brought advantages to the country. One of it is the increase in the total revenue of rice producers. Rice is a commodity good where the price elasticity demand is inelastic. Price elasticity demand is the responsiveness of quantity demand to the change of price. Inelastic refers the condition where the quantity demanded is less responsive to the change in price. The following graph shows an inelastic demand curve of rice market. As the total of producer’s gain is greater than the total number of loss, the producer receives an advantage of higher revenue from the tragedy in Thailand. Total revenue is the result of the multiplication of the quantity sold to the price of the product. Despite the advantage, the rise in price of rice has brought disadvantage to the customers. As the quantity supplied of rice is decreased, therefore they are unable to buy a larger quantity of rice and as its price goes up it increases their portion of real income spent on rice, as it is a staple food. Thus, it results to the opportunity cost of decreased remaining real income that could be spent on other goods. Opportunity cost is the cost of the best alternative good sacrificed when a choice is made. Due to opportunity cost, the producers of non-commodity products would then be harmed as the quantity demanded for their product falls and therefore their total revenue decreases. To survive, producers will raise the price and thus harm the consumers. Thus, a solution shall be made to avoid further loss of customers. One of them is to apply a maximum price of rice in the country. Maximum price is the price set up by the government below the equilibrium price in order to help the customers, due to the high prices of certain commodity products. As seen on the graph, the maximum price is set at Pmax, below the equilibrium price of Pe. With the imposition of the policy, the customers are able to purchase rice at low price. However, with rice supplied at the maximum price, customers are demanding rice at point QD, while the quantity supplied is at Qe, which leads to a shortage. Shortage is the excess demand of goods and services. In consequence, to satisfy the demand of customers, black market might arise. Black market is a situation where the product is sold illegally at a higher price than Pmax. The seller of the rice might also apply unfair practices to customers such as rationing, where the amount of product is shared equally among customers, creating limitation of consumption. Another solution to avoid shortage is to import the supply of rice from overseas. Import is when a country purchase goods and services overseas. The supply curve then shifts to the right and Pmax becomes the new equilibrium price, thus black market and rationing would not arise. Though it would still bring disadvantage to the domestic producers of rice. The imported rice would be a new substitute good to the high-priced domestic rice. The quantity demanded for locally produced rice will decrease and thus the total revenue of the local producer decreases. Another disadvantage is the occurrence of trade deficit, because the country’s import increases and we assume the export remains constant. Trade deficit is the negative balance where the country’s import is greater than it’s export. Looking at the advantage given by maximum price solution, it is more beneficial for Thailand to increase the producer’s revenue rather than to prevent illegal practices. Thus, implying maximum price as a solution is more effective compared to importing supply of rice.

Criminal Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Criminal Law - Assignment Example The court is expected to carry out three different kinds of tests such as objective test where the particular court imputes the elements of mens rea based on the fact that any of the reasonable individuals that possess the same kind of abilities and knowledge as is possessed by the person that is accused in this case is expected to have such kind of elements. The second test is the subjective; in this test the court is expected to make an establishment as to what the person accused was thinking of at the time he caused the actus Reus. Finally, another test is the hybrid that involves both objective and subjective tests (van den Haag, 1978, p 27). These arguments was advanced by Dori Kimel in his case comment, ‘Inadvertent recklessness in criminal law’ (2004) LQR 548, where she analyses and critically evaluates the decisions of the House of Lords in R v G [2003] UKHL 50; [2004] 1 A.C. 1034 and R. v Caldwell (James) [1982] A.C. 341. This paper will therefore briefly identi fy the key arguments advanced by Kimel in her analysis of the two cases. Further, it will discuss whether Kimel’s critical evaluation of the two decisions is persuasively argued. Arguments advanced by Kimel in his analysis The facts of the case was that there were two boys who were aged 12 and 11 years, they are reported to have been camping without any particular permission by their parents when they decoded to go to the backyard of a nearby shop in the morning, they had newspapers that they had lit. The newspapers that they had lit are reported to have caused fire in nearby bin that was located against the wall of the shop, the fire immediately spread up the wall and eventually onto the roof. The fire caused an estimated damage of $1m. The two children made an arguments that they were expecting the fire to eventually burn itself out and did not give any thought to the risk that could be caused incase the fire spread (Kimel, 2003, p 21). In the judgment of the House of Lords , Lord Bingham actually saw the need of modifying the definition of Lord Diplock in order to ensure that infancy of the defence was accounted for which was containing the mischievous discretion notion. This rule required the various courts to make a consideration of the extent the children who were aged from eight or more years could be able to have a clear understanding of the differences that existed between wrong and right. Therefore, the test that was stipulated by Diplock of obviousness was expected to actually operate in unfair manner for the two children incase they were eventually held to the same particular standards the reasonable adults were held to. The courts finally held that the defendant must be clearly shown to have indeed subjectively appreciated a given risk to the property and health of the other party but eventually carried on any particular event before they could actually be said to be completely criminally culpable. This ruling abolished the historical object ive reckless test that had been previously recognized under the famous R v Caldwell (Kimel, 2004, p 548). Dori Kimel has indicated that recklessness is actually the particular critical mental element that exists within the Critical Damage Act of the year 1971. However, ten years following the enactment of the particular legislation, the House of Lords in the context of R v Caldwell made a controversial interpretation of the recklessness objectively as well as

Rollout of an Operating System Upgrade; A Project Plan Essay

Rollout of an Operating System Upgrade; A Project Plan - Essay Example This report will attempt to integrate these factors into a project report which will be based on a fictional company Tomato Inc and the upgrade to their popular operating System bacOS. To gain an accurate perspective of this project management plan, it is essential that the profile of the company be covered in brief. Tomato Inc was one the earliest companies making desktop personal computer established in the now famous Silicon Valley. It has a rich history of product innovation and has successfully expanded its presence in areas like media players and other digital devices which are not traditionally associated with hardware manufacturers. The company follows an aggressive marketing strategy and boasts of the highest brand loyalty from its existing user base in the present IT industry. Though the company has diversified into other areas, its PC business still remains vital to its revenue generation model. The major strength of the company has been product innovation and the stress on the usability ("end user" experience"). This has fetched the company a niche market in the PC industry. The Tomato desktop PCs and the bacOS have a brand loyalty in the PC market which can only be described as fanatic Tomato Inc follows a vertically integrated business model. ... These upgrades are made available on the website of Tomato Inc which can de downloaded without cost after authentication. This report will attempt to document the project plan of an upgrade to the bacOS to ensure compatibility of the bacOS with the digital camera portfolio manufactured by Bikon Inc. Bikon Inc has a product portfolio of seventy three digital cameras. On entering the US market, Bikon Inc has signed an agreement with Tomato Inc that makes it necessary for upgrading bacOS to support the digital cameras of Bikon Inc. Scope of the Project as an Objective Statement Create and launch an upgrade to the bacOS to ensure the compatibility of the digital camera portfolio of Bikon Inc (as defined in the service contract signed by Bikon Inc and Tomato Inc on 07 Feb 07). The scope of the project includes the design of the hardware connectors required to interface the iBac PC with the Bikon digital cameras. Major Deliverables of the Project The final deliverable for this project is the completed, tested and the launched upgrade to the bacOS which will enable it to support the product portfolio of Bikon Inc (as defined in the service contract signed by Bikon Inc and Tomato Inc on 07 Feb 07). There are two major deliverables for this project which will precede the final deliverable. The first deliverable is the detailed software specification document developed by a combined software development team comprising of the representatives of both Tomato Inc and Bikon Inc), this team has already been constituted by the Bikon Tomato integration taskforce. This specification document will contain the specific details of the various technical

Video games addiction Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Video games addiction - Assignment Example A timid youngster can abruptly got gregarious; an uninvolved kid can get forceful. (Neils & P.shauvan, 2009) Youngsters, who regularly feel weak in their every day lives, all of a sudden can summon armed forces, drive (and accident) autos, and wreak devastation on a virtual world with no genuine outcomes. This is enticing! Also when that kid or young lady is discovering it a test in "this present reality" to make companions, PC and feature amusements offer an approach to interface with others in their "virtual world," without the pain of eye to eye collaborations. Feature amusement and Internet habit are not real Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-IV groupings, despite the fact that the American Medical Association is looking into exploration keeping in mind the end goal to figure out if they ought to be incorporated in the following redesign of the manual in 2010. Numerous mental wellbeing experts feel that feature amusements are like betting as an addictive methodology. By a few assessments, upwards of 10 percent of gamers show addictive conduct Parents have to take up the challenge and try helping the youngsters, as it’s the case with any other form of addiction, there may be imperviousness to change and withdrawal side effects. It will undertake your part to help your tyke discover hobbies and exercises to supplant feature diversions. Furthermore it may require outside help, for example, a specialist or medicine program, if there are underlying issues that prompted the diversion fixation in any case. At the same time feature amusement habit could be dealt with, and your youngsters require your assistance. (Neils & Shauvan, 2009). Feature amusement dependence has turned into a real issue in our social order. Numerous youngsters and adolescents play an over the top measure of hours of feature diversions as shown in figure

International Trade Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Trade Law - Assignment Example The terms were also accepted by the Surflife Company and they replied through an email with their expression of happiness with the terms. Although there was no exchange of any other terms, the two parties could be understood to be in terms of an agreement and involved in a contract. However, the problem had arisen in the delivery on part of the PJ Company owing to a mistake occurred by one of the employees of the company who was responsible for the supply of the goods to the customer. The employee, not following the instructions properly, got the wrong orders ready for shipment and supply. The number of jeans supplied was 12,000 instead of 15,000 and another set of orders were also supplied that the buyer company had never requested for. Moreover he proved to be careless in the packing of the goods that suffered damage later in the process. When the goods were finally delivered to the company, it was delayed and the majority of the goods were destroyed in rain and ill-treatments of t he suppliers. Thus after suffering a huge loss, the company was not willing to pay for the goods to the PJ Company. The question that arises here deals with the rights and obligations of the PJ Company and how the dissatisfaction of the Surflife Company could be addressed and resolved. ... It can be understood in this case that the Surflife Company had ordered the pairs of jeans but had not examined the goods before entering into the contract. The contract of the sale of goods in this context was thus a sale by description. The goods that were delivered to the Surflife Company did not match with the description of the goods stated in the contract by the PJ Company. Hence a violation in the contract could be seen to have occurred and Surflife Company in this scenario had the rights to sue the seller company. Being the seller company and one of the parties to the contract where the order was clearly stated along with the date of delivery and the size of the order, PJ Company had certain rights and obligations in regard to the delivery of goods to the customer. The seller had the rights to dispose of goods if all conditions are not fulfilled on the part of the buyer or owing to other circumstances (sec 25(1)). The seller company might consider the goods to have been deliv ered if the buyer expresses acceptance or if the goods are retained by the buyer company without giving any further notice (sec 24). Moreover, the seller had the rights to supply the goods only when the buyer demanded for it (sec 35) and such goods may also be supplied in installments (sec 39(1)). The seller may keep hold of the goods till the payment procedure is completed (sec 47(1)) and in the process the company might have hindered the process of shipment or transportation of the goods and regain it after payment is done (sec 49(2), sec 50). The goods might also be resold by the seller company depending on circumstances (sec 54). Also, the company could sue the buyer company if the later showed any breach

Consulting Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Consulting Report - Essay Example The global economic recession has reduced the number of readers and has significantly reduced the advertising revenues. The publishing cost has been increased and major of the newspaper publishing organizations have increased the price level. Therefore, the readers are going for free online news contents. The study will analyze the recent trends in the newspaper industry. Moreover, the study will analyze and evaluate the strategies that have been adopted by the leading organization within the US newspaper industry. The study will provide details of the adopted strategies by the publishing industry in order to overcome the current losses. By implementing internal and external analysis of this industry, the study will reveal the measures to be adopted and implemented by the Chronicle Gazette in order to increase its subscription and advertising revenues. State of the Newspaper publishing Industry Within the US newspaper publishing industry, The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times a nd USA Today are three leading players. Data on Declining Circulation The Wall Street Journal is the leading newspaper in US considering the daily sales figure. Apart from the US editions, the newspaper also has European and Asian Edition. For the six months till March 31, 2010, the number of daily week day circulation was a base of 2,092,523 readers. On the other hand, for the same period the figure of circulation base has decreased to 1,913,284 readers. New York Times is another leading newspaper within US. The circulation figure of New York Times’ weekday edition has failed by 8.5% to approximately 950,000 subscriptions. Moreover, the study edition of this specific newspaper has failed by 5.2% at end of 2010. USA Today is one of the major daily selling newspapers in US. During the last six months since March 31, the sale of newspaper has declined by 13.6%. Status of Newspaper leaders Recently the wall street journal has accepted an effective price based model of paid and f ree access in order to overcome these challenges. Now-a-days, they used to publish their news content through online. Several news cover ages including sports news, political news, and entertainment and art news are being available for free to the each and every online reader. The journal has able to attract the focus of potential target segment to the organization website by providing niche news contents. Reason behind Declining Circulation and Revenue An external and internal assessment has been developed in order to reveal the reasons behind declining revenue and circulation of newspaper publication organizations. External assessment This part will implement PESTLE and Porter’s five force model in order to determine the external assessment. PESTLE Analysis PESTLE analysis will determine the impact of political, social, economical, legal, technological and environmental factors on the newspaper publication industry in US. Political Several political parties are influencing and providing money to online sources. Moreover, they are not supporting the newspaper publication companies. Economical Recent recession has affected the buying behavior of customers. Due to low disposable income, people are shifting towards online news contents. Social, Cultural and Demographical Current social trend towards the online news sources, reduced women subscribers and availability of advanced

Issues Related to Social Security Fund Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Issues Related to Social Security Fund - Essay Example In 2012 balance of payment in the fund was 57.3 Billion dollars on the plus side after paying complete liabilities which shows good situation of the fund. However 2012 Trustees Report has projected calculations according to which the fund will collapse by year 2033 due to downward trend in wages and excessive borrowing by Treasury. There have been speculations by financial experts according to which the fund lacks strength to sustain itself over coming decades despite current value of $ 2.7 Trillion quoted by National Committee to Preserve Social Security and Medicare ( 2012 ) . According to There is one opinion that it is unfair to charge the same amount from a billionaire and the one earning $110,000 per annum . The fixation of earning limit is known as Payroll Cap, which is required to be enhanced to $ 250,000 to keep it progressive for the next 75 years, according to few analysts. According to senator Bernie Sanders quoted by Common Dreams Website (2012) â€Å"Social Security Fu nd faces no risk†. Currently 55 Million American benefit from the fund. Although the income may be as low as $ 23000 for a couple, in many cases this is the only source of income they have in the old age. In this back drop the fund is saving millions from poverty in old age and remains one of the best social programs in American history. The significance of program can be judged from the fact that before it half of senior citizens lived under poverty whereas after its launch only 10 % live under that line. The current discussion about the program is related to budget deficit in USA. Few financial experts have proposed that in order to balance the budget a cut should be introduced on social security fund and other programs like Medicare and Medicaid etc. President Bush introduced tax cuts for two years in 2010 which will expire in the end 2012. There is a debate that these tax cuts be made permanent despite the fact that over next 75 years loss in revenue due to taxation would be twice as great as shortfall in social security fund. For long-term solvency in Social Security Fund an early decision by lawmakers is necessary to spread cost over decades and give savings confidence to people retiring over the years. The budgetary cuts imposed now will have economic impact on American Nation in the decades to come therefore extreme caution is required while making changes in legislation. People who were born in baby boomer era would be entering retirement bracket in current decade therefore there would be a bigger pressure on Social security Fund. However it is upto the policy makers to guide the Nation in the correct direction. Why was the article written about the topic at the current time? The article has been written at the current time due to following reasons. First of all Bush Administration enacted the Taxation laws in end 2010 for two years, the limit of this law would have terminated by end of 2012 however it has been extended by President Obama accord ing to Jennifer (2012) . This means payment of more taxes in the name of Social Security and other related programs. Since Social Security Fund is already surplus to the tone of $ 57.3 Billion after paying liabilities, there has been a demand to slash down the fund. Historically it is common for this fund to exceed liabilities therefore reduction in this fund to balance the budget (due to recession) is being demanded which is not logical in the long term effects on dependents of fund. How

Schindler Elevators Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Schindler Elevators - Essay Example Large corporations have a responsibility to ensure that they fulfill their promises of quality and confidence. While large businesses have thousands of customers, dissatisfying one customer or not fulfilling customers’ expectations can significantly affect the reputation of a company. Companies rely upon word of mouth, and after building a reputation that has prevailed for years, one incident can change the perception of their customers forever (Ouchi, 1981, p. 82). Once a company makes a mistake, they will take numerous actions to compensate the customer or let the public know their viewpoint regarding the incident. Some mistakes are forgivable and only affect the company’s short-term sales while other mistakes may even cause the company to file bankruptcy or go out of business (Ohmae, 1982, pp. 45-48). Accidents that cause death, injury, or serious mistreatment of customers may result in a boycott of the company’s products, as well (Schendel, 1979, p. 45). Smal ler mistakes such as faulty products or malfunctioning goods may only result in the company having to replace the products and refund the customer (Barney, 1986, p. 1236). Discussion Japan is a market with very high context culture and very strict standards of adherence to cultural practices. The Japanese are not sympathetic towards other cultures and do not allow international companies to take advantage of using different social norms when they conduct business in Japan. Japanese customers expect extremely high quality standards and do not tolerate even slight deviances from those standards. It is mandatory to please Japanese customers and mistakes are not easily forgiven. Operating in this rigid environment was the renowned company, Schindler Elevators. The company was established by Robert Schindler in 1875 in Germany. Little by little, the company grew and expanded into other areas such as Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. Today, Schindler is the world’s leading supplie r of escalators and elevators and is responsible for making some of the world’s best transport systems. It is also responsible for transporting approximately 700 million people daily (Schindler, 2006; Fink, 1986, pp. 76-79). However, Schindler Elevators is seriously suffering from decreasing market share and sales in Japan and it is even unable to find employees in the Japanese market because of an accident that occurred with one of its elevators. Schindler’s bad reputation also caused it to lose service contracts. The accident that got Schindler into trouble occurred in 2006 in Minato Ward, Tokyo. A 16-year old boy was getting off a Schindler elevator with his bicycle while the doors were ajar. The elevator began to move upwards and the boy was crushed between the doorframes and died instantly. The Japanese were outraged. Immediately following the accident, Schindler gave a press conference. While Schindler sympathised with the victim’s family, the company also maintained that there was no fault in the quality standards of the elevator and it asserted that the company was very particular about its safety standards. This press conference was followed by a series of additional press conferences in which Schindler explained the accident but did not apologize to the victim’s family or meet them. The Japanese expected an immediate and complete apology, but it took nine days for the Schindler Company to apologize after the accident, and the Japanese did not consider it a full apology (Japan Times, 2009). The public perception was that the company was arrogant and lacked high quality standards and a sense of responsibility. The Japanese are not used to companies that do not perceive responsibility as an

Nike Promotions Essay Example for Free

Nike Promotions Essay After looking at Nike’s marketing strategy with respect to product, price, place and promotion, the outstanding success of the brand name calls for more attention to Nike’s promotional strategies. Nike’s promotions and advertisements have been deemed the best in the retail industry. The â€Å"Just Do It† slogan is supposedly one of the most famous and easily recognized slogans in advertising history. It would be safe to claim that brand management is easily one of Nike’s core capabilities. With the company’s advertising budget today reaching $2.4 billion, it is worth looking into Nike’s advertising strategies and how these strategies helped strengthen the brand image. 1980-1988: Early Advertising Before television advertisements, Nike released several successful print ads. One of its earliest print ad campaigns was the â€Å"There is no finish line† campaign by John Brown and Partners. The posters were an instant hit, since, it did not focus on the running shoe product, but instead on the person wearing the shoes. At this early stage, Nike saw the lucrative value in sports sponsorships. The company began sponsoring track and field athletes like Carl Lewis. With lucky breaks, Nike signed some bigger names in the athletic world like Wayne Gretzy and, probably the most important sponsorship signing in Nike history, Michael Jordan. 1988: The JUST DO IT Campaign This campaign was probably Nike’s most known and successful. In 1988, Nike worked with ad agency Wieden and Kennedy to create the slogan Just Do It. The company used this campaign to cash in on the jogging/fitness craze of the 80s. Top competitor Reebok was sweeping the aerobics race so Nike responded with Just Do It ads that practically shamed people into exercising, and more importantly, to exercise in Nikes. The Just Do It ads truly embodied the philosophy of grit, determination and passion to encourage consumers to embrace the culture of fitness rather than focus on the product. The Just Do It campaigns were also successful because of their celebrity features including Bo Jackson, John McEnroe, and Michael Jordan. These famous athletes reassured the quality of the Nike product and gave Nike a â€Å"hip† brand image. These ads were basically turning sweaty, pain-ridden exercise into something sexy and exciting. And lastly, the Just Do It ads were usually humorous, thus connecting to consumers on a level that made them comfortable and feeling positive about the brand. 2000-2005 Using its cooperations with various ad agencies, Nike released several popular and well-received TV commercials. In fact, the company received two Emmy awards for best commercial twice. The first was for â€Å"The Morning After,† which featured a runner on his morning jog on January 1, 2000, facing the chaos of the Y2K predictions. The commercial really connected to consumer emotions, as speculations of the new millennium were the conversation buzz around that time. The second Emmy was for a Nike commercial called â€Å"Move† that featured many famous and regular athletes performing a serious of athletic pursuits in a creative â€Å"pass it on† way. Starting in 2005, Nike released another successful ad campaign that were targeted at athletic woman. The ad focused on women’s Thunder Thighs and Big Butts, encouraging them to embrace their athletic body parts and shapes. This was yet another successful way Nike connected to the consumer on a personal level, as we all know that women tend to care about their self images. 2005 to Present Having built up an empire of a brand, Nike continued to focus on celebrity endorsements. Nike took famous athletes in a variety of sports to feature them in ads. LeBron James from basketball, Tom Brady from football, Ronaldhino from soccer, Roger Federer from tennis and Tiger Woods from golf, just to name a few. Using the A-list, top-notch names in the athletic world really helped tip Nike over into the â€Å"elite† brand division. At this point, Nike is reaching its peak in sales and in brand image. Having reached this peak, Nike is now changing up the promotion game and branching out to the digital world. With a 40% decrease in print and TV advertising, Nike is now trying to stray away from superstars. Now that Nike as perfected the art of branding, it is moving on to a world where consumers want to be told less. In 2010, Nike launched its new marketing division called Nike Digital Sport. This digital focus on sports conceived the Nike+ platform, which is a marriage of Apple and Nike technologies that allows people to track their athletic performance. It is also a platform that allows Nike to virtually have personal conversations with its consumers and, subtly study its consumer’s behavioural patterns. Overall, it seems like Nike is always in tune with consumer preferences and addresses them through strategic and well-executed advertising tactics. It is no surprise that the Nike brand is one of the most well recognized in the world.

Analyze Psychological Impact Of Television Media Essay

Analyze Psychological Impact Of Television Media Essay The aim of this paper is to analyze psychological impact of television. This paper claims that television has mostly negative impact on our lives. Although there might be some advantages of television, we should spend less time in front of it for several reasons: television is addictive, watching television has a negative influence on our behavior, television negatively influences childrens socialization, and watching television undermines important aspects of family. First, it must be said that television is rather addictive. The average American spends about 4 hours a day watching television( Condry 31), with older adults watching the most of any age group; even teenagers, who watch the least amount of television, still spend an average of nearly 24 hours a week in front of the TV set (Condry 31). The term television addiction, according to Mcilwraith first appeared in the popular press bolstered only by anecdotal evidence, but it gained widespread acceptance among parents, educators, and journalists (371). Television consumes large amounts of people time. Addicted people watch TV longer and usually more often than they wanted and their efforts to cut down their TV watching are often unsuccessful. According to Mcilwraith, people very often gave up important activities (social, family, or occupational) just to watch television. television addiction is defined as heavy television watching that is subjectively experienced as being to some extent in voluntary, displacing more productive activities, and difficult to stop or curtail (371). Condry states that it is unclear the extent to which individuals use television, like a drug, to change their affective state (114). People certainly claim this to be the case when asked about why they watch television. Most people say they use television for escape and relaxation. They use television to unwind, and that it the reason why watching television is rather addictive (Condry 114). This ability to use television for ones own purposes, as an unwinder, for example, raises another important series of questions about the degree of choice available to most viewers. Individuals with cable, or better yet, with a video recorder, should be more able to use television as an unwinder because they have a wider selection of material to choose from. Each person knows him or herself better than any other, we know what turns us on and what might best unwind us. No one has studied it yet, but those with more choice should be better able to accomplish this than those without (Condry 115). Second, watching television has a negative impact on our behavior. Television influences human behavior because there are mechanisms whereby the content of television which can have an effect on what we do and on how we act (Condry 120). According to Condry: Part of televisions influence comes about because of how we learn (by observation and imitation), because of how we respond to certain kinds of story material (arousal/desensitization), and because of the structure of our inhibitions and the way television provides the kind of stimulation necessary to release them (121). Condry calls these behavioral mechanisms, because for the most part the influence was shown on some activity (120). Television also influences what we believe and think about the world, and it does so, again, because of our make-up, our psychology. Just as the behavioral effects have behavioral mechanisms, the cognitive effects of television have cognitive mechanisms based on the structure of attitudes, beliefs, and judgments and on the way in which these cognitive structures are acquired (Condry 120). A series of studies provide evidence for a small but significant influence of televisions content on attitudes and beliefs about the real world. Heavy viewers exposed to persistent displays of violence and mayhem on television drama come to believe that the real world incidence of such violence is higher than do light viewers of the same age, sex, education, and social class. Apparently the facts of the world of television tend to slip into the belief and value systems of individuals who are heavy consumers of it (Condry 123). Violence laden television not only cultivates aggressive tendencies in a minority but, perhaps more importantly, also generates a pervasive and exaggerated sense of danger and mistrust. Heavy viewers revealed a significantly higher sense of personal risk and suspicion than did light viewers in the same demographic groups who were exposed to the same real risks of life (Condry 123). Third, watching television affects greatly the process of childrens socialization. Socialization is the process of learning the attitudes, values, and behavior patterns of a given society or group in order to function effectively within it (Hoffner, Levine, and Toohey). The aim of socialization is to prepare children for different social roles, including occupational role. We know that children can imitate behavior greatly. Evra notes that even infants as young as 14 months have demonstrated significant and deferred imitation of televised models(79). One of the most important forces in young peoples lives is television, because it provides many additional salient and attractive role models (Hoffner, Levine, and Toohey 282). There is much evidence, which shows that young people unconsciously imitate television characters, they learn from the values, beliefs, and behaviors (Hoffner, Levine, and Toohey 282). Television shows numerous law firms, hospitals, restaurants, businesses, and de picts people engaged in various work-related activities. Nevertheless, many traditional occupations, and much of what typically takes place during a workday, are not exciting or dramatic enough to be depicted on programs designed primarily to entertain (Hoffner, Levine, and Toohey 283). Moreover, according to Hoffner, Levine, and Toohey: television often transmits an inaccurate, stereotypic image of how people behave and communicate in various occupations, and portrays women and ethnic minorities in less glamorous or prestigious occupational roles than white males Television also over-represents law- enforcement and professional positions while under-representing managerial, labor, and service jobs (283). The context for television viewing is a very significant component in childrens television experience. Those children who receive parental comment, input, and supplementary information and interaction have a very different experience of television viewing than those who view alone or with less involved parents. Such differences in the viewing context play an important role in determining the strength and nature of televisions impact. Families differ in their attitudes toward, and in their use of, television; these differences in turn influence childrens understanding and attitudes about the content and its impact on them. Coviewing with siblings and peers can also affect a childs behavioral response to television content. Fourth, television has often been criticized for undermining important aspects of family life by displacing other important family activities (Evra 150). It is interesting to point out that since its development as a commercial vehicle, families have come to accept television as a valuable member of the family (Evra 150). Television viewing with family members is common. Televisions danger lies not so much in the behavior it produces as in the behavior it prevents, such as family talks, games, arguments, and other interactions. Despite the fact that families still do special things together, television diminishes their ordinary daily life together, because it is a regular, scheduled, and rather mechanized daily activity (Evra 151). Poor family communication affects greatly overall family health. Problems and conflicts are caused by the family communication dysfunction. It is necessary to spend time together, having a family meal and turning off the TV can create more opportunities to talk. However, because there is TV, children and parents are distracted from talking, and in such a way suffer communication. Television influences various spheres of family life leisure relations, aesthetic interests and values, consumer behavior patterns, parent-child attitudes and socialization practices (Cohen 103). Television is an accepted, approved and readily accessible source of information, and it both creates and reinforces models of social behavior (style of dress, idiomatic language, attitudes toward sexuality and gender, parent behavior) that define not only individual behavior, but also family behavior (Cohen104

Philosophy of Education :: Philosophy of Teaching Teachers Essays

Philosophy of Education In today’s society a good, well rounded education is what every child needs to succeed. The classroom environment, the curriculum, and the way the classroom is managed are all important factors that contribute to the quality of education that a child receives. I believe that the learning environment is very important to a child’s desire to learn. Like Rousseau, I think that education should take place in a rural setting when possible. Ideally the classes would be small, consisting of fifteen to twenty students. This allows for a more intimate relationship between the student and the teacher. By this I mean there is more time for individualized instruction. I also feel that the school environment should be open and bright. When I attended high school there were no windows in the building. This made me feel imprisoned and uncomfortable. Another important factor is the curriculum that is taught. Like the essentialists, I believe that literature, history, foreign language, religion, math, and science are all very important. I also agree with reconstructionists, requiring current events and government. It is very important to know and understand what is happening in the world and in our own country. When it comes to vocational training I have a humanistic point of view. A student have somewhat of an idea about what they want to do in life. If these children do not plan to attend college, they should be allowed to enroll in a vocational training field of their choice. Another subject that is not mentioned but one that I feel to be very important is drug education. I feel that our educational system does not spend enough time covering drugs and how dangerous they can be. One chapter in a health book is not enough. I feel it should be taught in depth for at least a semester. In this country there is a constantly growing drug problem. If children could learn more about the effects of drugs, maybe it could help them to make better decisions concerning drugs. Classroom management is another key factor to a child’s education. I believe in a structured classroom environment. Many states are now setting standards that the students and schools must meet. Therefore I feel that a good mix of direct instruction and hands-on type of activities are best for this situation. I also feel students should be held accountable for their actions in the classroom; rewarded for exceptional behavior and punished for

Characters, Language and Physical Characteristics in I Never Promised Y

Characters, Language and Physical Characteristics in I Never Promised You a Rose Garden   Ã‚  Ã‚   A past of discomfort and sorrow, loneliness and pain shadowed an innocent girl with so much potential. She lay broken under the weight of her own secret longing, while no one seemed to care. Then, through a thick veil of anguish, Deborah noticed an unfamiliar, yet inviting light sprouting from within herself. Through the open door of this needed world Deborah ventured, drowning in her own relief. The Kingdom of Yr, Deborah's imaginary world, was so intricately created in the darkest corners of her mind that it became real to her. As time passed and Deborah became more desperate for belonging, Yr's bliss was all she lived for.      The combination of the delicacy and complexity of the imaginary world's complications, characters, fear, love and senses creates an inclination of Yr's reality within the reader. The secret world of Yr, which was introduced in the book I Never Promised You a Rose Garden (1964) by Hannah Green, deserves much consideration and attention. Its sophisticated structure makes even the most sane of human beings question their own perception of reality. The author brought the reality of Yr to life through three distinguished elements: characters, language and physical characteristics. Keep in mind, the very essence of reality is what one makes of it.      Yr portrayed several characters who harbored realistic characteristics. Although most of the characters were considered gods, Deborah was able to see, befriend and interact with them as if they were real companions. Anterrabae, the Falling God, was characterized by his hair of fire and endless decent through the dark midst of Yr. He... ... perfection or complete bliss, but a world of acceptance; she belonged to Yr. No matter how hard life became for Deborah, her boundless longing for acceptance was filled. Reality cannot be accurately described, because it is different for everyone. Deborah's desire to belong somewhere was enough to create her own world. For most "sane" beings of Earth, peace must stem from the satisfaction of believing the accepted thought that our world, Earth, is the only reality. Perhaps it is the "insane" who completely understand the essence of real life. They are not afraid to venture beyond the burning boundaries of truth to discover for themselves their personal reality. One can speculate that reality is precisely what one makes of it.    Works Cited    Green, Hannah. I Never Promised You a Rose Garden. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1964.   

Free Essay on Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

Adventures Of Huck Finn "The Widow Douglas she took me for her son, and allowed she would sivilize me; but it was rough living in the house all the time.... so, when I couldn't stand it no longer I lit out into my rags and was free and satisfied, but she always took me back." Huck is having trouble adjusting to living with the widow. He is accustomed to living free in the woods, without worrying about possessions, language, or cleanliness. Chap.1: pg.4 "Pretty soon I wanted to smoke and asked the widow to let me, but she wouldn't." This is just another example of Huck losing his freedom, as on his own he would have done what he wanted to. Chap.1: pg.6 "And then I put out the light and scrambled out of the window on to the shed." Huck is exercising his longing for freedom by going out at night with Tom. Chap.2: pg.6-12 Tom and Huck encounter Jim whose freedom is taken away because he is a slave. Huck joins Tom's gang and they plan to take people's freedom away by holding the m for ransom. Chap.3: pg.12 "Well, I got a good going-over in the morning from old Miss Watson on account of my clothes." This in part why Huck wants his freedom, of doing what he likes, because they want to civilize him. Chap.4: pg.16 "At first I hated school, but by and by I got so I could stand it. Whenever I got uncommonly tired I played hooky..." Huck doesn't like being caged in school, but begins to like it because when he gets tired of it he can take a break anyway. Ch.5: pg.19-23 Huck confronts his father who spends some time with the judge and stops drinking, but begins again. So, as his freedom isn't taken. Ch.: 24 "So he watched out for me one day and catched me and took me up over the river." Hucks father once again takes his freedom away, but he gets it back by living the good life in the woods, for a while. Ch.7: pg.32 Huck escapes from his father by making it look like he was murdered; he now has total freedom. Ch.8: pg.

Independence day

Good Morning Philippines, Respected teachers and my dear friends. I wish you a happy independence Day. INDEPENDENCE DAY means a day when we had got freedom from not only brute rulers but freedom from what from fulfillment of right needs†¦ Today on June 12,2014 Philippines is celebrating Its 16th Independence day and we are proud to say that we earned our freedom 116 year back, which was by an act passed by the American parliament and we were the first to get ourIndependence through the act which Is a mark of respect. Independence Day Is the day to commemorate all the works of certain people or Individuals who contributed much for the liberty of their country. More that celebrating the freedom of the country from slavery, dictatorship and tyrant rule, It Is also the day to acknowledge all the sufferings and hardships of these people we called heroes. We recognize their bravery and thank them for all the things they contributed for the freedom of their entry and countrymen.But let me remind you all that willing Independent was the end of our struggle, it was Just the beginning of our greatest challenge and that was to make us prosperous. As a Filipino citizen , we are proud of its golden past. We had one of the oldest and richest civilization of the world. Today we not only need to be proud of our glorious past but also work to make our present and future better than our past . We need to make our self so capable that we can praise its present ND this can be only done, when we work hard for it.And we can only work hard, if we have a feeling of patriotism & nationalism in our heart. Patriotism is a very deep and meaningful word, and its meaning changes according to the demand of time. During pre Independence time, Patriotism meant to get out of our houses and fight against foreign rule, whereas today a true patriot is that person who gives best of his services in the development, progress and fulfillment of his nation as the best human resource. Independence Day If we are to ask American citizens, â€Å"What is the most terrible crime of all? † would we be surprised if most of them immediately relate to the 9/11 tragedy and choose terrorism as the answer? Of course not. A different answer, however, might be given to us if we asked them several years ago, before the disaster happened. It is human nature, to underestimate the proportion of an issue, until they have experienced it, first hand. But the Americans have now experienced the bitterness of terrorism, they have lost husbands, wives, parents and siblings during the shocking tragedy, and certainly they have taken lessons from it as well.For decades, United States has been the most powerful nation on the surface of the earth. Is it logical to figure that an attack on this country was made without months, or even years of preparation? The attackers must have reliable information about the country’s defense before they start planning, where have they retrieved them? Should not these kinds of information be classified? These are necessary questions, and they will lead us to anticipate the next threat of terrorist actions. Information leaks about sensitive defense system are certainly important factors that made the 9/11 attack possible.Other leaks of information might cause another threats to America in the future. Here is where American Counterintelligence takes a vital role. American Counterintelligence has found that leaks of information have often happened in the United States governmental and intelligence environments. It turned out; the history of Americans sold out their country goes back a very long way. II. Is Espionage Treason? In its nature to jeopardize the life of hundreds or even thousands citizens, espionage should be consider an act of treason.But different of opinions still exist regarding actions that is classified as treason. Is espionage valued as low as defecting or a conspiracy against one’s country? A little trip in history w ill give us the solution. The crime treason has first found itself inside a constitutional foundation in 1350. It was a part of the Statute of Edward. Among the seven categories found in the statute of Edward, the words â€Å"adhering to enemies† and giving them â€Å"aid and comfort† has been classified as an act of treason. These words had also appeared in the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, on the year 1787.In its formulated Article III, section 3, the Constitutional Convention mentioned that treason consists of levying a war against the country, adhering to their enemies, and giving to them aid and comfort. After the Second World War, A review of eight convictions of treason has made the Supreme Court established four elements of treason, and providing â€Å"aid and comfort† to the enemy is still one of them (â€Å"Why Not Call It Treason? †) So it is obvious that espionage has and still considered as treason by US constitution, ancient and modern. Therefore, for the sake of many, sentences for espionage should not be made light.III. America’s First Counterintelligence Chief It was John Jay who’s first coordinated a national level of counterintelligence efforts. His job was leading a legislative committee to investigate a plot to sabotage defense and infrastructure targets in New York. In his investigations, Jay employ at least 10 agents, a few of the famous ones are Nathaniel Sackett, Elijah Hunter and Enoch Crosby. All of his agents were operating under enormous pressure. Some were undercover; being unmasked meant death to all of them (Rose P. K. ,1999). Enoch Crosby, is the best secret agent that John Jay have.He uses various names and identity to retrieve information about the pro-British’s activities. After he get â€Å"to famous† for his work in one place, he was assign to another area, joining another pro-British Colony (Rose, 1999). IV. Cases of Modern Espionage Although cases of tr eason by espionage are abundant since the Independence Day, we will elaborate new ones, in order to recognize an up to date espionage practices. Aldrich Ames’s treason was one of the most popular counterintelligence cases. How could it not be? Ames was the director of CIA Counterintelligence at the time.He was recruited by the Russian and has been supplying staggering amount of information for 10 years. A great number of US agents working undercover in Russia were arrested and killed because of Ames. Ames’s capture in 1994 didn’t come easy, especially after James J, Angleton (his predecessor) was falsely accused by his rivals as a Russian spy also (Hermon). Soon after Ames started to work for the Russian in 1983, suspicion about a spy in American Counterintelligence emerged. But in 1985, when John Pollard, a Jewish agent was arrested with spying for Israel, Aldrich Ames took the opportunity and put the blame to Pollard.In 1987, Pollard was sentenced to life in p rison in 1987. His other successful attempt to turn away the spotlight was by sacrificing another â€Å"more expendable† Russian Spy in the CIA. His name is Edward Lee Howard. But by the help of Ames, Howard managed to flee to Moscow which granted him Political Asylum. Finally, by the testimony of Raffi Eitan, Director of the Office of Scientific Liaison that activated Pollard, Aldrich Ames was uncovered as one of the highest ranking Russian Spy in US Intelligence Agency (Carmel, 1994). But this is already 8 years longer than it supposed to be.Robert Philip Hanssen, age 56, was a veteran counterintelligence agent who was captured selling highly classified national security information to Russia and the former Soviet Union. He was with his colleague â€Å"defending the country† while secretly stabbed them from the back also. He sold up to 6. 000 pages of valuable documentary material in over than 20 separate occasions. In one occasion, FBI agents found that he trade the information with diamonds and more than $ 600. 000 US. Along with the sold documents, Hanssen had compromised FBI counterintelligence investigative techniques, methods and operations.Hanssen has been charged with espionage and conspiracy to commit espionage which are violations with a possible sentence of life in prison or the death penalty (US Department of Justice, 2001). Katrina Leung, a businesswoman and a fundraiser for the Republicans, has successfully compromised 20 years of intelligence work on the People’s Republic of China. Katrina poses as an informant, paid by the Bureau to give information about Chinese Intelligence Operations in America. But at the same time, she was also seducing two senior FBI agents for information.That information regarding the American intelligence was then delivered to Beijing, ruin two decades of counterintelligence work (Marshall, 2003). V. Mistakes and Suggestions One of the factors making it hard for the FBI agents to perform their du ty is the organization’s structure. The bureau is apparently assigned on 2 similar missions which required the opposite skills and quality. The first mission is law enforcement and the second is Intelligence work. Although the two missions are similar, but sharing information, which is a necessity in law enforcement activities, would be disastrous for intelligence work.The double mission structure is making the work complicated and even impossible for FBI agents. Furthermore, the effort to change the structure is made difficult by the decision â€Å"not to change† of the newly arise Republicans (Marshall, 2003) The culture of working alone or in a small team has not make situations any easier. Once an agent is recruited, he/she is referred to as â€Å"special agents† and considered a part of a certain powerful group. This group is unlikely to have suspicion against its fellow agents unless there is no one else to be suspected. This is an obvious mistake.An intel ligence agency is an organization working on the basis of suspicion. None should be consider above suspicion, even ones with seniority. The cases of Aldrich Ames and Robert Philip Hanssen should teach the FBI a very important lesson. In the world of intelligence, it is rather difficult to keep guard on every single possibility of breach. One intelligence agency will always do their best to penetrate all the others. If we are an American agent, working undercover in Russia for instance, we will always worry about a mole in American Agency, exposing our identity to the Russians, and vice versa.So how will we ensure the safety of our agents? , or how would we make easy to discover a mole inside our agency? One way to do it is, by what is called â€Å"compartementation† â€Å"Compartementation† is a design or organization, where individuals are sealed apart from others as humanly possible and information is shared only on a need to know basis. Although the design will make information sharing a little difficult, without it, a mole in the crowd could operate long enough to cause immense destruction before getting caught.A very good example of this is the Aldrich Ames case that we have elaborated before (Marshall, 2003). VI. Conclusion Since the Independence Day, intelligence has always been a mandatory but dangerous work. But due to its role keeping sensitive and classified information regarding a nation’s system of defense, being a dangerous job, is not all that surprising. As an attack on a country has always started with their leak of information, counterintelligence is nothing to be taken lightly. Severe punishment over traitors must also be made to set an example for others, in order not to have it repeated.Experience has shown us that the US counterintelligence activities have not been maximized. Possible reformation to increase the efficiency of the organization hasn’t been conducted yet. Meanwhile, double agents have reached as f ar as the highest level of American Counterintelligence Organization, and have been compromising national security for years before being captured. It is imperative for the organizations to really work on the basis of suspicion, to increase compartementation for a more trustworthy system of investigation.Hopefully, tragedy of counterintelligence such as Ames’s and Hanssen’s would never again be repeated for the sake of the country. Bibliography Carmel, Chezi. 1994. â€Å"The Conspiracy Against Pollard†. Maariv Weekend Supplement (on-line). Available from http://www. jonathanpollard. org/1994/031894. htm Accessed March 29 2005 Freeh, Louis J. 2001. US Department of Justice (on-line). Available from http://www. fbi. gov/pressrel/pressrel01/hanssen. htm Accessed March 29 2005 Hermon, Haim. â€Å"Free Jonathan Pollard†. Available from http://hhermon. tripod.com/jpollard/ Accessed March 29 2005 Marshall, Joshua Micah. 2003. â€Å"Counterintelligent†. Wa shington Monthly (on-line). Available from http://www. washingtonmonthly. com/features/2003/0307. marshall. html Accessed March 29 2005 Rose, P. K. 1999. â€Å"The Founding Fathers of American Intelligence†. Central Intelligence Agency. (on-line) Available from http://www. odci. gov/csi/books/940299/art-1. html . Accessed March 29 2005 â€Å"Why Not Call It Treason? ; from Korea to Afghanistan†. Available from http://www. henrymarkholzer. com/articles_why_not_treason. shtml Accessed March 29 2005

Effective Active Listening Skills Essay

Effective active listening is a must in every communication process. Everyday, people engage in communication processes, but some fail to perform effective active listening skills. Neglecting this important aspect of communication can hamper communication. In the video clip, Planning to Promote Socially Appropriate Behavior, we see how effective active listening skills work to attain communication among the participants. Four teachers serve as participants in the video clip. They are kindergarten teachers who express the importance of teaching affective communication skills. Each teacher is given her chance to express herself to the group, while others listen intently. Notably, several factors affect the success of their communication process, among which is effective active listening. The communication takes place in the school. The teachers are seated along one edge of a long table. Although the table is long, they sit closely with each other, which makes it easy for them to hear the one speaking. This way, they did not have to raise their voices or stand to be recognized before they speak. The environment and position of the teachers notably affect the communication process. Since there is the absence of noise, we find the environment conducive to achieving communication. Obviously, the teachers have a common concept in mind of what needs to be discussed. This is very important in every communication situation. Setting a target for the group will help facilitate understanding. For instance, when holding a faculty meeting, the head should identify the agenda in advance. By doing this, concerns which are not relevant to the given topic may be avoided. Particularly in this meeting, the teachers are exchanging ideas on how to teach affective skills to students. One of the teachers expresses that most of the students she encounters do not show respect in communicating with peers. She feels that students should be taught the proper way to approach others, including their teachers. This statement serves as the lead for other participants to discuss ways on how they incorporate affective skills in their classroom. Aside from serving as the lead, this statement also limits the discussion to one single topic. As Lansberger (1996) notes, active listening requires focusing intentionally on who you are listening to in order to understand what the person is saying. This does not mean agreeing with, but rather understanding what is being said. Particularly, we can note that the teachers in the video achieve focus by speaking one by one. This makes the message come across clearly, making the flow of thought more comprehensible and organized, thus allowing for effective active listening. In the same way, this helps the audience summarize more easily the points raised. Also, according to Lansberger, active listening is present when the listener is able to repeat back in her own words what is said. This pertains to the feedback part. Before one is able to report what she listens to, there is the process of internal communication in which the person tries to â€Å"digest† the perceived ideas. For instance, when we are listening to a lecture, we sometimes hear ourselves repeat exactly what our teacher says. This is a sign that we are listening actively. In the video, we see that the teachers are able to follow the ideas of their colleagues. In addition, although they do not repeat what their colleague is saying, at one point, one teacher is able to complement the thought of the speaker. This is a sign of effective active listening, as the listener is able to construct the statement at the same time the speaker is trying to convey it. Another sign that demonstrates effective active listening is the listener’s facial reaction. As one teacher speaks, we can note that others react by nodding, winking, smiling, and sometimes even bending slightly towards the speaker to hear more clearly. Moreover, they take down notes while someone is speaking. Taking down notes can sometimes distract the speaker’s attention, thus some speakers prefer to give handouts to allow the audience to respond well during a lecture. However, in the video clip, we see that by looking at the speaker while writing, the teachers are still able to maintain the rapport with each other. Therefore, the gesture of taking down notes does not affect the communication process in this particular situation. Although the teachers in the video clip demonstrate evidences for effective active listening, there remain some points to be improved. In particular, the participants who have shared their views could elicit the views of one speaker who did not talk. While it is commendable for the others, especially the teacher wearing a black blouse, to share their views, it would also help if they give a chance to the other participant who has not talked. Eliciting one’s opinion or asking for clarifications (i. e. , asking, What do you think? ) can help detect signs of effective active listening. Through this, the speaker can check if the audience is truly listening. When the listener responds coherently to the speaker’s idea, we can note active listening signs. Otherwise, the speaker should find out factors that hinder effective active listening. Such factors may include outside noise, thoughts of the listener, or language barriers.

Joseph’s Story

B. Cellular processes and membrane functions that will be affected if Joseph’s heart stopped would be as follows. Oxygen, glucose, and essential ions that are required for the heart to pump will slow down. Each of his cells will have to work harder and faster which uses up his energy supply. Carbon dioxide levels inside the cells will rise, which causes his PH to drop. The mitochondria will run out of oxygen and glucose to make essential ATP, which eventually causes the cells to die. Active transport pumps will shut down the plasma membranes of his heart which in return causes sodium to leak into the cells and potassium to leak out. If heart stops the brain can no longer function and if the heart doesn’t get oxygen soon, loss of O2 will eventually lead to death. C. Lack of ATP affected the plasma membrane pumps and meant that calcium stopped moving from the cytosol into the endoplasmic reticulum of his cardiac muscle cells. The plasma membrane protects cellular contents and mediates the entry and exit of substances. The cytosol is where metabolic reactions occur. The ER has two parts, the rough ER is covered by ribosomes and is attached to the nuclear envelope and smooth ER lacks ribosomes. Lysosome enzymes normally bound safely inside vesicles began to digest the plasma membranes and the membranes of the organelles. The lysosomes are vesicles formed from Golgi complex and contain digestive enzymes. D. The coronary muscles and the heart muscles are needed in order for Joseph’s body to be repaired. The coronary muscles have to be unblocked in order to reestablish blood flow to the heart and because of have suffering a massive heart attack parts of the muscle can become permanently damage, the remaining parts that are not damaged will need to be provided oxygen. E. without ATP, oxygen, and nutrients, multiple cellular processes affecting homeostasis can shut down. The proteins in the cell membrane that were involved in the homeostatic imbalances of his heart cells were the plasma membrane itself, the cytosol where the calcium was removed, The ER, the cytoskeleton which was attacked by the proteases that spilled in the interior of the cell, and the lysosomes which were normally safely bound inside vesicles began digesting plasma membranes and the membranes of the rganelles. F. The damage to the cellular processes could have caused irreversible cell death in the brain within a matter of minutes if oxygen is not available. Water balance, ionic equilibrium, and PH balance are all key factors in the homeostasis of individual cells.

Broken Family

Coherence – means â€Å"holding together†. A paragraph is coherent when its major parts are all close joined together. It is considered as the continuity between as well as within the paragraph. It is very important to arrange and link the sentences between the paragraphs to be able to make the readers follow the thought or the idea that want to be implied. . Careful selection and arrangement of sentences so that they lead up to one idea (which is also known as the principle of unity) becomes more effective when the logical relationship between sentences is made clear. The writer should take pains to indicate the steps of the progress or forward movement which is involved in the idea of development. The principal means of achieving coherence is found in the arrangement of sentences to show a clear sequence of ideas, and in the use of structural devices to show the logical connection between sentences. There are two general ways of obtaining coherence in a paragraph. The first one is by the order in which the sentences are arranged. The second one is by structural devices such as transitional words and phrases, reference of pronouns and repetition of keywords. A. Order of sequence- arrangement of materials within a paragraph depends upon the nature of the subject itself and upon the purpose of the writer. All writing that aims to communicate ideas demands a logical arrangement and connection, but the kind of logic and connection depends upon the different materials and purposes. The problem of coherence is to arranged the sentences in a definite orderly sequence. 1. Descriptive details a. Order of place- arrangement in a spatial scheme. Details correspond to their actual position and progress in space. b. Order of outstanding feature- choosing a detail from which one works out and around. c. Order of relative importance- selecting detail that will make the greatest impression and then centering the description around it by reinforcing it with the rest of the details that will create the desired effect. 2. Narrative details- chronological order Events are arranged in a temporal scheme; one sentence follows another in the order of their succ ession of time. 3. Logical order- inductive method and deductive method In the logical order, materials are arranged in an order determined by reasoning. The writer may use the inductive method. It is done by starting the statement with more particular detail going to and supporting the general statement. And the deductive method. It is done by establishing a general statement moving to the more particular details that explain the general statement itself. B. Structural device Coherence in the paragraph has to do with the mechanical expression of the relationship between sentences, with the signs that indicate the connections between related units. These signs of continuity must be expressed in a clear, fluid movement that should make the course of the writer’s thought easy to follow. There are three general ways of doing this. 1. Transitional words and phrases Conjunction and conjunctional words and phrases make clear the connection between sentences. The writer should carefully study the exact relation of successive ideas in order to use these expressions accurately. 2. Reference of pronouns The forward movement of ideas is carried by pronouns and synonyms if the reference to their antecedents is clear. 3. Key words Significant words and phrases that are repeated several times in the paragraph make an idea or aspects of an idea stand out prominently. Broken Family Saturday, 06 March 2010 * Broken Family Relationships: When to Walk Away, and When to Run I have always had trouble getting along with my mother. Ever since I was old enough to have an opinion and arguably before then, my mother and I have been at odds. On top of that, I never even had a great relationship with my dad but that's a topic for another post entirely. A vast majority of my friends, peers, and coworkers have a relationship with at least one parent. It has really caused me to question a lot about my faith, myself, and the fairness of not being able to choose one's parents. The idea of a parent is a tough one.What does it take to make a parent? What is a good parent and what is a bad parent? Absentee parents fall somewhere in between because even if they live at the same address as their children, they're emotionally unavailable. According to dictionary. com,  the definition for parent  is: a mother or a father. I'm no expert on the etymology of words, but I think we sho uld redefine parents a bit. A parent is someone who loves, nurtures, and cares for their young. There are plenty of â€Å"parents† in the world who may not have bore children of their body but have certainly bore children of their heart.As a young Christian, I have been tormented by my relationship with my mother and my other family members. Over the years, my relationship with her and my siblings has deteriorated tremendously. On the one hand, Christians are told to be loving. We are to endure with one another and bare with one another. This is noble philosophy and life doctrine but implementation of it is excruciating. How do we know when to â€Å"endure with one and bare with one another† and when to draw the line to protect ourselves from mistreatment? I have grappled with this concept for years.When I have asked my friends their opinion, most of them shrug their shoulders and insist that I have to accept my family how they are. Obviously, these are individuals wit h relatively functional families. They have no idea what I'm subjecting myself by toughing it out and â€Å"dealing† with some of my relatives. Only until recently has God really started drawing my attention or I've been more attentive, to what His word says about parents and baring with them. A few days ago, I read 1 Kings 19: 20-21. It says: â€Å"Elisha then left his oxen and ran after Elijah. Let me kiss my father and mother good-by,† he said, â€Å"and then I will come with you. † â€Å"Go back,† Elijah replied. â€Å"What have I done to you? â€Å"†¦. Then he set out to follow Elijah and became his attendant. † In this verse, Elisha does not go back to his parents. Instead, he leaves his farming equipment and speeds to follow Elijah. In Hebrews 11:24, the Bible says â€Å"By faith Moses, when he had grown up, refused to be known as the son of Pharaoh's daughter. † In reality, Moses was the adopted son of Pharaoh's daughter but he re's where the debate on parents comes in.Pharaoh's daughter had parented Moses as if he were her own son. But Moses refused this tie to the Pharaoh's daughter. Similarly, Christians are free to cast down false relationship or ties to people by faith. Being cared for as a child is important but it should not be the sole reason why we keep contact with or relate to people that did so. Parenting is so much more that providing for a child. It is having a relationship with a child. I am sure that there are many people who have family problems. Not everyone needs to disown their parents and siblings to deal with it but sometimes it is necessary and even ordained by God.In Genesis 12:1, the Bible says: â€Å"The Lord had said to Abram, â€Å"Leave your country, your people and your fathers' household and go to the land I will show you. † The very first book in the Bible contains a story where God ordains a mighty man to leave his father's household. We are not meant to stay with o ur parents forever. There are plenty of stories throughout the Bible of people being at odds with family members. The story of Joseph is a prime example of sibling rivalry and dissension that leads to Joseph being betrayed and sold into slavery. His brothers were his blood kin but they did not have his best interest at heart.Maybe one way to analyze the story of Joseph is to say that God recognized the jealousy in the brothers of Joseph. Hence, he decided that it was even better for him to be sold into slavery than to live around a den of jealousy amongst â€Å"family ties†. Mothers, you can't live with 'em and you can't live without 'em. But God says that He will not leave us even when our mothers do. In my post:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"In my Darkest Hours†¦ â€Å", I discuss the tension that can exist between family in greater depth. That post also talks about God's response as a loving Father and how He intervenes in these circumstances.How do you define a parent? Have you ever ha d a really tumultuous relationship with a parent that you couldn't over come? If you did overcome it, how so? Do you think that God may be calling you to something greater that will draw you away from conventional family ties? When do you bare with a parent, and when is it time to walk away from emotionally abusive relationships? 1. Isang pamilyang di magkasundo o/at magkahiwalay or divorced. 2. Ang broken family ay ung pamilyang nagkawatak watak kaya ngakakaroon ng broken family ay dahil sa ating mga magulang na hindi nagkakaunawaan. . If the father and the mother decided not to stay with each other because of their difference then that's what you called broken family. News Print Article  Ã‚  |   Ã‚  Email Friend  Ã‚  |  Ã‚  Reprint Permissions Broken Family Structure Leads to Educational Difficulties for Children By Gudrun Schultz UNITED STATES, January 16, 2006 (LifeSiteNews. com) – The U. S Center for Marriage and Family released a study in November 2005 that show s broken family structures consistently lead to education difficulties for children. When it comes to educational achievement,† the study says, â€Å"children living with their own married parents do significantly better than other children. † The report found that children from non-intact families (children living in a situation other than with their own married father and mother) have significantly higher rates of difficulty with all levels of education, from pre-kindergarten through to primary, secondary, and college-age levels. Each year a child spends with a single mother or stepparent â€Å"reduces that child’s overall educational attainment by approximately one-half year† suggests the report.The study, a comprehensive review of recent academic research on the relationship between family structures and children’s academic performance, compared education outcomes from children growing up with their own married parents to children in non-intact family structures such as divorced, single, remarried or cohabiting parents. Family structure was consistently found to be the deciding factor in a wide range of child behaviors that directly influence academic performance, including emotional and psychological distress, attention disorders, social misbehavior, substance abuse, sexual activity and teen pregnancy.Children from non-intact homes had higher rates of stress, depression, anxiety and low self-esteem, particularly as teenagers. The study found that preschool children from broken homes were three times more likely to suffer from attention deficit disorders than children from intact homes. Children from single-parent homes suffered from more physical health problems, as well. Pre-school children from single-parent homes were also less likely to be read to or given help with letter-recognition. ADuring elementary school, children from non-intact families scored consistently lower on reading comprehension and math, and had more difficulty maintaining their grade levels overall. Children from married parents had much lower rates of behavioral problems in the classroom than children who did not live with married parents. In particular, boys from broken marriages showed a higher rate of classroom misbehavior. For teenagers, students from broken homes were 30 percent more likely to miss school, be late, or cut class than students from intact homes, in part because single parents had more difficulty monitoring their children.These children were also at higher risk for smoking, using drugs and consuming alcohol. Teenagers from non-intact families were more likely to be sexually active and had higher rates of pregnancy. Girls from divorced single-mother homes were at greatest risk for teenage pregnancy. The study also found that children who were in a single-parent or step-parent home by the time they were ten were more than twice as likely to be arrested by age 14. A Children who never lived with their own fath er had the highest likelihood of being arrested.The study reports that a majority of U. S. children will have spent a significant part of their childhood in a one-parent home by the time they reach 18. Single parent homes in the U. S. nearly doubled in the period from 1968-2003. Family Structure and Children’s Educational Outcomes: http://www. americanvalues. org/briefs/edoutcomes. htm broken family is one where the parents (mother and father) of a child or children have split up and no longer share a single family home as a family unit. This is also known as a broken home. Broken Family Coherence – means â€Å"holding together†. A paragraph is coherent when its major parts are all close joined together. It is considered as the continuity between as well as within the paragraph. It is very important to arrange and link the sentences between the paragraphs to be able to make the readers follow the thought or the idea that want to be implied. . Careful selection and arrangement of sentences so that they lead up to one idea (which is also known as the principle of unity) becomes more effective when the logical relationship between sentences is made clear. The writer should take pains to indicate the steps of the progress or forward movement which is involved in the idea of development. The principal means of achieving coherence is found in the arrangement of sentences to show a clear sequence of ideas, and in the use of structural devices to show the logical connection between sentences. There are two general ways of obtaining coherence in a paragraph. The first one is by the order in which the sentences are arranged. The second one is by structural devices such as transitional words and phrases, reference of pronouns and repetition of keywords. A. Order of sequence- arrangement of materials within a paragraph depends upon the nature of the subject itself and upon the purpose of the writer. All writing that aims to communicate ideas demands a logical arrangement and connection, but the kind of logic and connection depends upon the different materials and purposes. The problem of coherence is to arranged the sentences in a definite orderly sequence. 1. Descriptive details a. Order of place- arrangement in a spatial scheme. Details correspond to their actual position and progress in space. b. Order of outstanding feature- choosing a detail from which one works out and around. c. Order of relative importance- selecting detail that will make the greatest impression and then centering the description around it by reinforcing it with the rest of the details that will create the desired effect. 2. Narrative details- chronological order Events are arranged in a temporal scheme; one sentence follows another in the order of their succ ession of time. 3. Logical order- inductive method and deductive method In the logical order, materials are arranged in an order determined by reasoning. The writer may use the inductive method. It is done by starting the statement with more particular detail going to and supporting the general statement. And the deductive method. It is done by establishing a general statement moving to the more particular details that explain the general statement itself. B. Structural device Coherence in the paragraph has to do with the mechanical expression of the relationship between sentences, with the signs that indicate the connections between related units. These signs of continuity must be expressed in a clear, fluid movement that should make the course of the writer’s thought easy to follow. There are three general ways of doing this. 1. Transitional words and phrases Conjunction and conjunctional words and phrases make clear the connection between sentences. The writer should carefully study the exact relation of successive ideas in order to use these expressions accurately. 2. Reference of pronouns The forward movement of ideas is carried by pronouns and synonyms if the reference to their antecedents is clear. 3. Key words Significant words and phrases that are repeated several times in the paragraph make an idea or aspects of an idea stand out prominently.

Advantages and disadvantages of social networking sites Term Paper

Advantages and disadvantages of social networking sites - Term Paper Example Social network sites are web-based services that enable an individual to create a public or a semi-public profile inside a bounded system,communicate with other users by sharing a connection with them,and view as well as traverse their and also those created by others list of connections . Since the beginning, social networking sites (SNSs) such as Facebook, MySpace, Bebo, Cyworld, LinkedIn and others have fascinated millions of users, a number of whom have incorporated these networking sites into their every day life. These SNSs have transcended beyond global borders and have spread across in several forms, supporting an extensive range of practices as well as interests. The key technological features provided by these sites have been observed to be quite consistent, but the culture that generally emerges around the SNSs is primarily varied. These sites enable people to connect with strangers as well as known individual by the virtue of shared interests as well as activities and pol itical views. A few sites cater to varied audiences, whereas others draw people based on shared sexual, racial, religious as well as national identities or common languages. These social networking sites vary in the level up to which they include new communication and information tools, such as blogging, mobile connectivity, and photo or video sharing (Boyd & Ellison, â€Å"Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship†). According to a study conducted by ECAR Research Study (2008), it was found that SNSs were particularly well-liked among the under-graduates. Facebook was observed to be the social networking site of choice among the majority of respondents. The data also found that around 85.1% of the respondents were users of SNSs. Therefore, the attraction towards social networking sites is undeniable. The prime advantage that these sites provide is related to getting as well as staying in touch (Educause Center for Applied Research, â€Å"Social Networking S ites†) The social networking sites provide advantages for the business organizations as they can use flash advertisements of their products in order to capture the attention of varied users while they browse these SNSs. Thus, it provides a creative selling opportunity for the users. In terms of cost-benefit point of view, the advantages that this kind of advertisement provides to business organizations are immense. As compared to other media, this method of advertising is quite cost-effective for the businesses. It also provides a scope to target large consumer segment that are present in different parts of the world. Therefore, from the business’ point of view SNSs provides a unique opportunity to showcase their offerings to people (Oracle ThinkQuest, â€Å"Why Use Networking Sites?†). The SNSs provide people with an opportunity to create as well as maintain relationships, gather information on various subjects; provides an opportunity to contribute and also par ticipate in various social issues and causes, and enables professional networking which is invaluable for a jobseeker as well as employer. SNSs also enable newscasters to keep the users aware of the recent events. The sharing of knowledge and experience can be invaluable though SNSs as users belonging to different fields such as education, medicine, finance, technology and others can advice people regarding their queries on public forums (Boise Public Library, â€Å"Tweeting Isn’t Just for the Birds†). The social networking sites enable political organizations to be in contact directly with the public in more personal way. This makes these political organizations more reachable, personable, as well as comprehending with regard to the individuals that generally follow their activities or participate in them. As the SNSs are spread across the global arena,